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1.9 The `Py_BuildValue()` Function

This function is the counterpart to `PyArg_ParseTuple()`. It is declared as follows:

      PyObject *Py_BuildValue(char *format, ...);

It recognizes a set of format units similar to the ones recognized by `PyArg_ParseTuple()`, but the arguments (which are input to the function, not output) must not be pointers, just values. It returns a new Python object, suitable for returning from a C function called from Python.

One difference with `PyArg_ParseTuple()`: while the latter requires its first argument to be a tuple (since Python argument lists are always represented as tuples internally), `Py_BuildValue()` does not always build a tuple. It builds a tuple only if its format string contains two or more format units. If the format string is empty, it returns `None`; if it contains exactly one format unit, it returns whatever object is described by that format unit. To force it to return a tuple of size 0 or one, parenthesize the format string.

When memory buffers are passed as parameters to supply data to build objects, as for the "`s`" and "`s#`" formats, the required data is copied. Buffers provided by the caller are never referenced by the objects created by `Py_BuildValue()`. In other words, if your code invokes `malloc()` and passes the allocated memory to `Py_BuildValue()`, your code is responsible for calling `free()` for that memory once `Py_BuildValue()` returns.

In the following description, the quoted form is the format unit; the entry in (round) parentheses is the Python object type that the format unit will return; and the entry in [square] brackets is the type of the C value(s) to be passed.

The characters space, tab, colon and comma are ignored in format strings (but not within format units such as "`s#`"). This can be used to make long format strings a tad more readable.

"`s`" (string) [char *]
  Convert a null-terminated C string to a Python object. If the C string pointer is `NULL`, `None` is used.

"`s#`" (string) [char *, int]
  Convert a C string and its length to a Python object. If the C string pointer is `NULL`, the length is ignored and `None` is returned.

"`z`" (string or `None`) [char *]
  Same as "`s`".

"`z#`" (string or `None`) [char *, int]
  Same as "`s#`".

"`u`" (Unicode string) [Py_UNICODE *]
  Convert a null-terminated buffer of Unicode (UCS-2) data to a Python Unicode object. If the Unicode buffer pointer is `NULL`, `None` is returned.

"`u#`" (Unicode string) [Py_UNICODE *, int]
  Convert a Unicode (UCS-2) data buffer and its length to a Python Unicode object. If the Unicode buffer pointer is `NULL`, the length is ignored and `None` is returned.

"`u`" (Unicode string) [Py_UNICODE *]
  Convert a null-terminated buffer of Unicode (UCS-2) data to a Python Unicode object. If the Unicode buffer pointer is `NULL`, `None` is returned.

"`u#`" (Unicode string) [Py_UNICODE *, int]
  Convert a Unicode (UCS-2) data buffer and its length to a Python Unicode object. If the Unicode buffer pointer is `NULL`, the length is ignored and `None` is returned.

"`i`" (integer) [int]
  Convert a plain C `int` to a Python integer object.

"`b`" (integer) [char]
  Same as "`i`".

"`h`" (integer) [short int]
  Same as "`i`".

"`l`" (integer) [long int]
  Convert a C `long int` to a Python integer object.

"`c`" (string of length 1) [char]
  Convert a C `int` representing a character to a Python string of length 1.

"`d`" (float) [double]
  Convert a C `double` to a Python floating point number.

"`f`" (float) [float]
  Same as "`d`".

"`O`" (object) [PyObject *]
  Pass a Python object untouched (except for its reference count, which is incremented by one). If the object passed in is a `NULL` pointer, it is assumed that this was caused because the call producing the argument found an error and set an exception. Therefore, `Py_BuildValue()` will return `NULL` but won't raise an exception. If no exception has been raised yet, `PyExc_SystemError` is set.

"`S`" (object) [PyObject *]
  Same as "`O`".

"`U`" (object) [PyObject *]
  Same as "`O`".

"`N`" (object) [PyObject *]
  Same as "`O`", except it doesn't increment the reference count on the object. Useful when the object is created by a call to an object constructor in the argument list.

"`O&`" (object) [converter, anything]
  Convert anything to a Python object through a converter function. The function is called with anything (which should be compatible with `void *`) as its argument and should return a ``new'' Python object, or `NULL` if an error occurred.

"`(items)`" (tuple) [matching-items]
  Convert a sequence of C values to a Python tuple with the same number of items.

"`[items]`" (list) [matching-items]
  Convert a sequence of C values to a Python list with the same number of items.

"`{items}`" (dictionary) [matching-items]
  Convert a sequence of C values to a Python dictionary. Each pair of consecutive C values adds one item to the dictionary, serving as key and value, respectively.

If there is an error in the format string, the `PyExc_SystemError` exception is raised and `NULL` returned.

Examples (to the left the call, to the right the resulting Python value):

          Py_BuildValue("")                        None
          Py_BuildValue("i", 123)                  123
          Py_BuildValue("iii", 123, 456, 789)      (123, 456, 789)
          Py_BuildValue("s", "hello")              'hello'
          Py_BuildValue("ss", "hello", "world")    ('hello', 'world')
          Py_BuildValue("s#", "hello", 4)          'hell'
          Py_BuildValue("()")                      ()
          Py_BuildValue("(i)", 123)                (123,)
          Py_BuildValue("(ii)", 123, 456)          (123, 456)
          Py_BuildValue("(i,i)", 123, 456)         (123, 456)
          Py_BuildValue("[i,i]", 123, 456)         [123, 456]
          Py_BuildValue("{s:i,s:i}",
                        "abc", 123, "def", 456)    {'abc': 123, 'def': 456}
          Py_BuildValue("((ii)(ii)) (ii)",
                        1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6)          (((1, 2), (3, 4)), (5, 6))