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1.7 Extracting Parameters in Extension Functions

The `PyArg_ParseTuple()` function is declared as follows:

      int PyArg_ParseTuple(PyObject *arg, char *format, ...);

The arg argument must be a tuple object containing an argument list passed from Python to a C function. The format argument must be a format string, whose syntax is explained below. The remaining arguments must be addresses of variables whose type is determined by the format string. For the conversion to succeed, the arg object must match the format and the format must be exhausted.

Note that while `PyArg_ParseTuple()` checks that the Python arguments have the required types, it cannot check the validity of the addresses of C variables passed to the call: if you make mistakes there, your code will probably crash or at least overwrite random bits in memory. So be careful!

A format string consists of zero or more ``format units''. A format unit describes one Python object; it is usually a single character or a parenthesized sequence of format units. With a few exceptions, a format unit that is not a parenthesized sequence normally corresponds to a single address argument to `PyArg_ParseTuple()`. In the following description, the quoted form is the format unit; the entry in (round) parentheses is the Python object type that matches the format unit; and the entry in [square] brackets is the type of the C variable(s) whose address should be passed. (Use the "`&`"operator to pass a variable's address.)

Note that any Python object references which are provided to the caller are borrowed references; do not decrement their reference count!

"`s`" (string or Unicode object) [char *]
  Convert a Python string or Unicode object to a C pointer to a character string. You must not provide storage for the string itself; a pointer to an existing string is stored into the character pointer variable whose address you pass. The C string is null-terminated. The Python string must not contain embedded null bytes; if it does, a `TypeError` exception is raised. Unicode objects are converted to C strings using the default encoding. If this conversion fails, an `UnicodeError` is raised.

"`s#`" (string, Unicode or any read buffer compatible object) [char *, int]
  This variant on "`s`" stores into two C variables, the first one a pointer to a character string, the second one its length. In this case the Python string may contain embedded null bytes. Unicode objects pass back a pointer to the default encoded string version of the object if such a conversion is possible. All other read buffer compatible objects pass back a reference to the raw internal data representation.

"`z`" (string or `None`) [char *]
  Like "`s`", but the Python object may also be `None`, in which case the C pointer is set to `NULL`.

"`z#`" (string or `None` or any read buffer compatible object) [char *, int]
  This is to "`s#`" as "`z`" is to "`s`".

"`u`" (Unicode object) [Py_UNICODE *]
  Convert a Python Unicode object to a C pointer to a null-terminated buffer of 16-bit Unicode (UTF-16) data. As with "`s`", there is no need to provide storage for the Unicode data buffer; a pointer to the existing Unicode data is stored into the Py_UNICODE pointer variable whose address you pass.

"`u#`" (Unicode object) [Py_UNICODE *, int]
  This variant on "`u`" stores into two C variables, the first one a pointer to a Unicode data buffer, the second one its length.

"`es`" (string, Unicode object or character buffer compatible object) [const char *encoding, char **buffer]
  This variant on "`s`" is used for encoding Unicode and objects convertible to Unicode into a character buffer. It only works for encoded data without embedded `NULL` bytes.

  The variant reads one C variable and stores into two C variables, the first one a pointer to an encoding name string (encoding), and the second a pointer to a pointer to a character buffer (**buffer, the buffer used for storing the encoded data).

  The encoding name must map to a registered codec. If set to `NULL`, the default encoding is used.

  `PyArg_ParseTuple()` will allocate a buffer of the needed size using `PyMem_NEW()`, copy the encoded data into this buffer and adjust *buffer to reference the newly allocated storage. The caller is responsible for calling `PyMem_Free()` to free the allocated buffer after usage.

"`es#`" (string, Unicode object or character buffer compatible object) [const char *encoding, char **buffer, int *buffer_length]
  This variant on "`s#`" is used for encoding Unicode and objects convertible to Unicode into a character buffer. It reads one C variable and stores into three C variables, the first one a pointer to an encoding name string (encoding), the second a pointer to a pointer to a character buffer (**buffer, the buffer used for storing the encoded data) and the third one a pointer to an integer (*buffer_length, the buffer length).

  The encoding name must map to a registered codec. If set to `NULL`, the default encoding is used.

  There are two modes of operation:

  If *buffer points a `NULL` pointer, `PyArg_ParseTuple()` will allocate a buffer of the needed size using `PyMem_NEW()`, copy the encoded data into this buffer and adjust *buffer to reference the newly allocated storage. The caller is responsible for calling `PyMem_Free()` to free the allocated buffer after usage.

  If *buffer points to a non-`NULL` pointer (an already allocated buffer), `PyArg_ParseTuple()` will use this location as buffer and interpret *buffer_length as buffer size. It will then copy the encoded data into the buffer and 0-terminate it. Buffer overflow is signalled with an exception.

  In both cases, *buffer_length is set to the length of the encoded data without the trailing 0-byte.

"`b`" (integer) [char]
  Convert a Python integer to a tiny int, stored in a C `char`.

"`h`" (integer) [short int]
  Convert a Python integer to a C `short int`.

"`i`" (integer) [int]
  Convert a Python integer to a plain C `int`.

"`l`" (integer) [long int]
  Convert a Python integer to a C `long int`.

"`c`" (string of length 1) [char]
  Convert a Python character, represented as a string of length 1, to a C `char`.

"`f`" (float) [float]
  Convert a Python floating point number to a C `float`.

"`d`" (float) [double]
  Convert a Python floating point number to a C `double`.

"`D`" (complex) [Py_complex]
  Convert a Python complex number to a C `Py_complex` structure.

"`O`" (object) [PyObject *]
  Store a Python object (without any conversion) in a C object pointer. The C program thus receives the actual object that was passed. The object's reference count is not increased. The pointer stored is not `NULL`.

"`O!`" (object) [typeobject, PyObject *]
  Store a Python object in a C object pointer. This is similar to "`O`", but takes two C arguments: the first is the address of a Python type object, the second is the address of the C variable (of type `PyObject *`) into which the object pointer is stored. If the Python object does not have the required type, `TypeError` is raised.

"`O&`" (object) [converter, anything]
  Convert a Python object to a C variable through a converter function. This takes two arguments: the first is a function, the second is the address of a C variable (of arbitrary type), converted to `void *`. The converter function in turn is called as follows:

  status`=` converter`(`object, address`);`

  where object is the Python object to be converted and address is the `void *` argument that was passed to `PyArg_ConvertTuple()`. The returned status should be `1` for a successful conversion and `0` if the conversion has failed. When the conversion fails, the converter function should raise an exception.

"`S`" (string) [PyStringObject *]
  Like "`O`" but requires that the Python object is a string object. Raises `TypeError` if the object is not a string object. The C variable may also be declared as `PyObject *`.

"`U`" (Unicode string) [PyUnicodeObject *]
  Like "`O`" but requires that the Python object is a Unicode object. Raises `TypeError` if the object is not a Unicode object. The C variable may also be declared as `PyObject *`.

"`t#`" (read-only character buffer) [char *, int]
  Like "`s#`", but accepts any object which implements the read-only buffer interface. The `char *` variable is set to point to the first byte of the buffer, and the `int` is set to the length of the buffer. Only single-segment buffer objects are accepted; `TypeError` is raised for all others.

"`w`" (read-write character buffer) [char *]
  Similar to "`s`", but accepts any object which implements the read-write buffer interface. The caller must determine the length of the buffer by other means, or use "`w#`" instead. Only single-segment buffer objects are accepted; `TypeError` is raised for all others.

"`w#`" (read-write character buffer) [char *, int]
  Like "`s#`", but accepts any object which implements the read-write buffer interface. The `char *` variable is set to point to the first byte of the buffer, and the `int` is set to the length of the buffer. Only single-segment buffer objects are accepted; `TypeError` is raised for all others.

"`(items)`" (tuple) [matching-items]
  The object must be a Python sequence whose length is the number of format units in items. The C arguments must correspond to the individual format units in items. Format units for sequences may be nested.

  Note: Prior to Python version 1.5.2, this format specifier only accepted a tuple containing the individual parameters, not an arbitrary sequence. Code which previously caused `TypeError` to be raised here may now proceed without an exception. This is not expected to be a problem for existing code.

It is possible to pass Python long integers where integers are requested; however no proper range checking is done -- the most significant bits are silently truncated when the receiving field is too small to receive the value (actually, the semantics are inherited from downcasts in C -- your mileage may vary).

A few other characters have a meaning in a format string. These may not occur inside nested parentheses. They are:

"`|`"
  Indicates that the remaining arguments in the Python argument list are optional. The C variables corresponding to optional arguments should be initialized to their default value -- when an optional argument is not specified, `PyArg_ParseTuple()` does not touch the contents of the corresponding C variable(s).

"`:`"
  The list of format units ends here; the string after the colon is used as the function name in error messages (the ``associated value'' of the exception that `PyArg_ParseTuple()` raises).

"`;`"
  The list of format units ends here; the string after the semicolon is used as the error message instead of the default error message. Clearly, "`:`" and "`;`" mutually exclude each other.

Some example calls:

          int ok;
          int i, j;
          long k, l;
          char *s;
          int size;

          ok = PyArg_ParseTuple(args, ""); /* No arguments */
              /* Python call: f() */

          ok = PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "s", &s); /* A string */
              /* Possible Python call: f('whoops!') */

          ok = PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "lls", &k, &l, &s); /* Two longs and a string */
              /* Possible Python call: f(1, 2, 'three') */

          ok = PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "(ii)s#", &i, &j, &s, &size);
              /* A pair of ints and a string, whose size is also returned */
              /* Possible Python call: f((1, 2), 'three') */

          {
              char *file;
              char *mode = "r";
              int bufsize = 0;
              ok = PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "s|si", &file, &mode, &bufsize);
              /* A string, and optionally another string and an integer */
              /* Possible Python calls:
                 f('spam')
                 f('spam', 'w')
                 f('spam', 'wb', 100000) */
          }

          {
              int left, top, right, bottom, h, v;
              ok = PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "((ii)(ii))(ii)",
                       &left, &top, &right, &bottom, &h, &v);
              /* A rectangle and a point */
              /* Possible Python call:
                 f(((0, 0), (400, 300)), (10, 10)) */
          }

          {
              Py_complex c;
              ok = PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "D:myfunction", &c);
              /* a complex, also providing a function name for errors */
              /* Possible Python call: myfunction(1+2j) */
          }